In California, the sites of labor unions, landmark civil rights cases, and significant architecture all tell powerful stories of Asian American heritage in the state and beyond.
LessThe Star of India, built in 1863, is the second oldest active sailing ship in the world. During Alaska's salmon cannery boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ship was used to transport supplies and workers north from California. Chinese laborers made up an integral part of Alaska's early cannery workforce, but were later replaced by Japanese and Filipino workers after the U.S. enacted a number of Chinese Exclusion laws.
In the early 1900s, Jukichi Harada emigrated to the U.S. from Japan and settled in Riverside together with his wife Ken and their son Masa Atsu. In 1915, he purchased the house on Lemon Street, which became the focus of a landmark court case. At this time, California's Webb-Haney Act prohibited certain immigrants, primarily from Asia, from owning property in the state. The house, a National Historic Landmark, is managed by the Riverside Metropolitan Museum.
The Forty Acres in Delano tells the story of the farmworkers movement of the 1960s and '70s. Here, Filipino laborers played a significant role in gaining and protecting the rights of farm workers in California and the rest of the country. The Forty Acres became the first headquarters of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW) labor union in 1966, and has been preserved as a National Historic Landmark.
In 1942, more than 100,000 people of Japanese ancestry living in the U.S. were forced into 10 "relocation centers" across the country, including Manzanar in California. Two thirds of the more than 11,000 people interned here were American citizens, and many others had lived in the U.S. for decades. The Manzanar National Historic Site was established in 1992 and tells the stories of those who lived and worked at the military-style camp during its three years in operation.
After gold was discovered in California in the 1850s, a small town sprung up in the Mono Basin. More deposits of gold and silver were discovered in 1876, and three years later, the town had more than 250 buildings and 10,000 residents, including several hundred Chinese immigrants, who lived in Bodie's Chinatown. With 110 buildings still standing, the mining town was abandoned in the 1940s. It became a National Historic Landmark District in 1961 and a State Historic Park in 1962.
Located between Sacramento and San Francisco, Walnut Grove was home to Japanese seasonal agricultural workers from the late 1890s until World War II. The town flourished in the 1920s, but became a ghost town after FDR signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, forcing Japanese Americans into internment camps. Today, the historic district—built for and by the Japanese community—appears nearly frozen in time.
The Hakone Historic District is home to the oldest Japanese-style country villa in the Western Hemisphere. In the early 1900s, art patrons Oliver and Isabel Stine hired architect Tsunematsu Shintani and landscape architect Naoharu Aihara, both Japanese natives, to build a summer estate inspired by their travels and passion for Japanese culture. Today, visitors can explore the property’s four Japanese gardens, historic buildings, houses, and other structures.
Known as the "Ellis Island of the West," U.S. Immigration Station, Angel Island is part of Angel Island State Park located in the San Francisco Bay. First used for military purposes, the island processed up to one million immigrants, mainly of Asian descent, between 1910 and 1940. Detainees endured prison-like conditions and many carved Chinese poems into the walls of the barracks, still visible today, during the Chinese Exclusion Act.
During WWII, the Presidio was headquarters for the Western Defense Command, which was responsible for the forced removal of 120,000 Japanese Americans, and others of Japanese descent, from the West Coast. A school for teaching military personnel Japanese was also established at the Presidio. After two centuries of military use, the Presidio of San Francisco is now part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, featuring hiking and biking trails with scenic beaches and bluffs.