It’s likely that Judaism first arrived in China with traders along the Silk Road, before expanding during World War II, when the country provided refuge to Jews fleeing the Nazis. Although there’s little remaining Jewish culture in the country today, you can explore its history through former synagogues, homes, businesses, and cemeteries. One of the most interesting sites is the Jewish Refugees Museum, housed in the former Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which documents centuries of Jewish life in China.

There are at least five distinct Jewish communities living throughout India. The Paradesi Synagogue in Cochin dates back to the 16th century and remains an active Orthodox synagogue today. Founded by Spanish and Dutch Jews who had been expelled from Europe, it became a hub for Jews from around the world who settled in India. Paradesi translates to “foreigner,” and the interior reflects the European, Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern influences of the people who have worshiped there.

The Jewish presence in Rome predates the reign of Julius Caesar. Today, this historic neighborhood pays tribute to Roman Jewish culture in many ways, remembering persecution through the centuries, while also honoring distinctive cultural contributions. Here you can visit the Great Synagogue, which still has an active congregation, and is home to the Jewish Museum of Rome, which holds an impressive collection of artifacts spanning thousands of years.

When the Nazis occupied Amsterdam, 13-year-old Anne Frank went into hiding with her family. She famously kept a diary detailing their lives at that time, and the small, cramped annex where they lived for more than two years before being captured has been preserved. Today, the house tells Frank’s story, as well as educating about anti-Semitism and wartime life in Amsterdam. An adjacent museum is dedicated to those who have experienced prejudice and discrimination around the world.

More than a million Jews were murdered by the Nazis at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp during World War II. Today, this memorial and museum is a place to remember those who died there, and serves as an enduring reminder of the horrors of genocide. The site holds the ruins of the camp, and artifacts from those who lived and died there, along with information about the Nazis responsible for the atrocities that took place at Auschwitz.

In medieval times, more Jews are thought to have lived in Spain than in the rest of the world combined. Several synagogues from that era survive today in Toledo’s Jewish Quarter. See the mikvah ritual baths, and learn about medieval Jewish culture through architectural remains. While there, wander the labyrinth of alleyways that make up the area, sometimes called a “city within a city.”

Fes, Marrakech, and Essaouira were all once home to thriving Jewish communities, but today, the majority of Moroccan Jews live in Casablanca. Learn about Jewish life throughout the country at the city’s Museum of Moroccan Judaism, which is the only Jewish museum in the Muslim world. The collection includes artifacts and photographs showing thousands of years of Jewish culture and traditions from around the country. Jewish heritage tours of Casablanca are also available.

When Jews from Europe arrived in the United States in the early 1900s, many settled on the Lower East Side of New York City. Today, at the neighborhood’s Tenement Museum, several apartments these families called home have been restored. Visitors can learn about early American Jewish culture by touring the apartments and hearing the stories of the families that lived there. The museum also contains artifacts found in the tenements and photos reflecting Jewish life in the neighborhood.

Many Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 15th Century settled in Istanbul. While the community has largely dispersed to other parts of Istanbul, Galata’s synagogues remain an important part of Jewish life. Visitors to Galata can also visit the Quincentennial Foundation Museum of Turkish Jews, which chronicles centuries of Jewish life and traditions in Turkey, and climb the Tower of Galata for incredible views of the neighborhood.

This somber museum documents the rise of the Nazis and anti-Semitism in Germany and around Europe, and subsequent murder of millions of Jews. The devastating impact of the Holocaust is felt through personal stories of survivors, artifacts, and photographs of Jewish life before, during, and after World War II. The museum also houses an extensive collection of records related to victims, survivors, liberators, and others who were impacted by the Holocaust.